NIGHT VISION INFRARED TECHNOLOGY

Light Basics
In order to understand how thermal imaging works, it is important to understand something about light. The amount of energy in a light wave is related to its wavelength: Shorter wavelengths have higher energy. Of visible light, violet has the most energy, and red has the least. Just next to the visible light spectrum is the infrared spectrum.

light-spectrum

Infrared light can be split into three categories:

Near-infrared (near-IR) – Closest to visible light, near-IR has wavelengths that range from 0.7 to 1.3 microns, or 700 billionths to 1,300 billionths of a meter.
Mid-infrared (mid-IR) – Mid-IR has wavelengths ranging from 1.3 to 3 microns. Both near-IR and mid-IR are used by a variety of electronic devices, including remote controls.
Thermal-infrared (thermal-IR) – Occupying the largest part of the infrared spectrum, thermal-IR has wavelengths ranging from 3 microns to over 30 microns.
The key difference between thermal-IR and the other two is that thermal-IR is emitted by an object instead of reflected off it. Infrared light is emitted by an object because of what is happening at the atomic level.

IR-Vis-Comp

Thermal Imaging – Here’s how it works:

A special lens focuses the infrared light emitted by all of the objects in view.

The focused light is scanned by a phased array of infrared-detector elements. The detector elements create a very detailed temperature pattern called a thermogram. It only takes about one-thirtieth of a second for the detector array to obtain the temperature information to make the thermogram. This information is obtained from several thousand points in the field of view of the detector array.

The thermogram created by the detector elements is translated into electric impulses.

The impulses are sent to a signal-processing unit, a circuit board with a dedicated chip that translates the information from the elements into data for the display.

The signal-processing unit sends the information to the display, where it appears as various colors depending on the intensity of the infrared emission. The combination of all the impulses from all of the elements creates the image.

how-thermal-works

Types of Thermal Imaging Devices
Most thermal-imaging devices scan at a rate of 30 times per second. They can sense temperatures ranging from -4 degrees Fahrenheit (-20 degrees Celsius) to 3,600 F (2,000 C), and can normally detect changes in temperature of about 0.4 F (0.2 C).

See:  Thermal Imaging Devices




There are two common types of thermal-imaging devices:

Un-cooled – This is the most common type of thermal-imaging device. The infrared-detector elements are contained in a unit that operates at room temperature. This type of system is completely quiet, activates immediately and has the battery built right in.
Cryogenically cooled – More expensive and more susceptible to damage from rugged use, these systems have the elements sealed inside a container that cools them to below 32 F (zero C). The advantage of such a system is the incredible resolution and sensitivity that result from cooling the elements. Cryogenically-cooled systems can “see” a difference as small as 0.2 F (0.1 C) from more than 1,000 ft (300 m) away, which is enough to tell if a person is holding a gun at that distance!
Unlike traditional most night-vision equipment which uses image-enhancement technology, thermal imaging is great for detecting people or working in near-absolute darkness with little or no ambient lighting (i.e. stars, moonlight, etc, )

Space Station Laser Beams Video Message to Earth

Space lasers have already shown they can beam HD videos from the Earth to the moon and back again. A new NASA demonstration brings the technology a bit closer to home by using a laser communications system to send a "Hello, world!" message from the International Space Station to Earth in approximately 3.5 seconds.

Laser communication could send data  for space missions up to 100 times faster than traditional

Magnetic Levitation by magnetic materials

                        

                         MAGNETIC LEVITATION BY USING MAGNETIC MATERIALS

Now a days magnetic levitation is widely used in so many applications as it consumes less energy and can deliver work in high speed

Magnetic Levitation is a way to suspend objects in air without any support, as if in defiance of gravity. An unsung phenomenon of the past which is now being put to use in a variety of interesting and useful applications. As a child we must have seen a ping pong ball being levitated on an air stream at the output pipe of a vacuum cleaner. Magnetic levitation, also known as maglev is used in a similar way to levitate objects in air without any support, using magnetic field. 

Levitation is the process by which an object is suspended against gravity, in a stable position, without physical contact. For levitation on Earth, first, a force is required directed vertically upwards and equal to the gravitational force, second, for any small displacement of the levitating object, a returning force should appear to stabilize it. The stable levitation can be naturally achieved by, for example, magnetic or aerodynamic forces. Though any electromagnetic force could be used to counteract gravity, magnetic levitation is the most common. 

Though any electromagnetic force could be used to counteract gravity, magnetic levitation is the most common. Diamagnetic materials are commonly used for demonstration purposes. 

In this case the returning force appears from the interaction with the screening currents. For example, a superconducting sample, which can be considered either as a perfect diamagnet or an ideally hard superconductor, easily levitates an ambient external magnetic field. In very strong magnetic field, by means of diamagnetic levitation even small live animals have been levitated.

nuclear batteries

                          NUCLEAR BATTERIES

                                A burgeoning need exists today for small, compact, reliable, lightweight and self-contained rugged power supplies to provide electrical power in such applications as electric automobiles, homes, industrial, agricultural, recreational, remote monitoring systems, spacecraft and deep-sea probes. Radar, advanced communications satellites and, especially, high-technology weapons platforms will require much larger power sources than today's space power systems can deliver. 

For the very high power applications, nuclear reactors appear to be the answer. 

However, for the intermediate power range, 10 to 100 kilowatts (KW), the nuclear reactor presents formidable technical problems. Because of the short and unpredictable lifespan of chemical batteries, however, regular replacements would be required to keep these devices humming. Also,enough chemical fuel to provide 100 KW for any significant period of time would be too heavy and bulky for practical use. Fuel cellsand solar cells require little maintenance, but the former are too expensive for such modest, low-power applications, and the latter need plenty of sun. 

Thus the demand to exploit the radioactive energy has become inevitable high. Several methods have been developed for conversion of radioactive energy released during the decay of natural radioactive elements into electrical energy. A grapefruit-sized radioisotope thermo-electric generator that utilized the heat produced from alpha particles emitted as plutonium-238 decays was developed during the early 1950's. Since then the nuclear power has taken a significant consideration in the energy source of future. 

Also, with the advancement of the technology the requirement for lasting energy sources has been increased to a great extent. The solution to the long term energy source is, of course, the nuclear batteries with a lifespan measured in decades and has the potential to be nearly 200 times more efficient than the currently used ordinary batteries. These incredibly long-lasting batteries are still in the theoretical and developmental stage of existence, but they promise to provide clean, safe, almost endless energy.

generating electricity by rotating wheels

GENERATING ELECTRICITY BY ROTATING WHEELS

The stator contains six coils of copper wire, cast in fibreglass resin. This stator casting is mounted onto the spine; it does not move. Wires from the coils take electricity to the rectifier, which changes the AC to DC for charging the battery. The rectifier is mounted on an aluminium 'heatsink' to keep it cool. The magnet rotors are mounted on bearings, which turn on the shaft.

ultrasonic motor

                    ULTRASONIC MOTOR

                    All of us know that motor is a machine which produces or imparts motion, or in detail it is an arrangement of coils and magnets that converts electric energy into mechanical energy and ultrasonic motors are the next generation motors.

In 1980,the world’s first ultrasonic motor was invented which utilizes the piezoelectric effect in the ultrasonic frequency range to provide its motive force resulting in a motor with unusually good low speed, high torque and power to weight characteristics.

Electromagnetism has always been the driving force behind electric motor technology. But these motors suffer from many drawbacks. The field of ultrasonic seems to be changing that driving force.

Electromagnetic motors rely on the attraction and repulsion of magnetic fields for their operation. Without good noise suppression circuitry, their noisy electrical operation will affect the electronic components inside it. Surges and spikes from these motors can cause disruption or

WORKING OF SUBMARINE

TESLA COILS

kung fu pressure points

HD wallpapers

comedy animation song

                       INFRARED ALARM CIRCUIT

                            This infrared alarm barrier can be used to detect persons passing through doorways, corridors and small gates. The transmitter emits a beam of infrared light which is invisible to the human eye. The buzzer at the output of the receiver is activated when the light beam is interrupted by a person passing through it.

Infrared Light Alarm Transmitter Circuit Schematic

GOOGLE'S OWN QUANTUM PROCESSORS

    The company already has access to a quantum computing device for artificial intelligence experiments, but now it's seeking to develop its own hardware.






Refrigerator for a Quantum Processor Part of the cooling unit that keeps the D-Wave Two's processor near absolute zero NASA Ames / John Hardman
Google apparently wants to try its hand at making its own quantum computing hardware. The company announced in its research blog that it's launching a project to make quantum processors that use superconductors.

3D-PROJETION IN AIR USING LASERS

                                            

                                    Now  a days as we see the progress in technology ,there has been many many accomplishments in technology field .Among them,3D projection is one of it.Aerial 3D by Burton Using lasers to excite nitrogen and oxygen in the air, the Aerial 3D system produces natural 3-D images in space without using a screen. 
It's a kind of validation when our past visions 
            of the future and

AGRICULTURAL ROBOTS

An agricultural robot or agribot is a robot deployed for agricultural purposes. The main area of application of robots in agriculture is at the harvesting stage. Fruit picking robots, driverless tractor / sprayer, and sheep shearing robots are designed to replace human labour. The agricultural industry is

BLOOM ENERGY SERVER

            

                      The Bloom Energy Server (the Bloom Box) is a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) made by Bloom Energy, of Sunnyvale,

California, that can use a wide variety of inputs (including liquid or gaseous
hydrocarbons produced from biological sources) to generate electricity on the site

where it will be used. It can withstand temperatures of up to 1,800 °F (980 °C), that would cause
many other fuel cells to break down or require maintenance. According to the company, a single cell (one 100 mm × 100 mm metal alloy plate between two ceramic layers) generates 25 watts.

Bloom stated that two hundred servers have been deployed in California for corporations including eBay, Google, Yahoo, and Wal-Mart.

COMPONENTS
                    The Bloom Energy Server uses thin white ceramic plates (100 × 100 mm) that are made from components found in beach sand. Each plate is coated with a green nickel oxide-based ink on one side, forming the anode, and another black (probably Lanthanum strontium

manganite) ink on the cathode side.According to the San Jose Mercury News, "Bloom's secret technology apparently lies in the proprietary green ink that acts as the anode and the black ink that acts as the cathode..." but in fact these materials are widely known in the field of SOFCs. Wired reported that the secret ingredient may be yttria-stabilized zirconia based upon US patent that was granted to Bloom in 2009; but this material is also one of the most common electrolyte materials in the field. US patent 20080261099, assigned to Bloom Energy Corporation, says that the "electrolyte includes yttria stabilized zirconia and a scandia-stabilized zirconia, such as a scandia ceria stabilized zirconia". ScSZ has a higher conductivity than YSZ at lower temperatures, which provides greater efficiency and higher reliability when used as an electrolyte. Scandia is scandium oxide  which is a transition metal oxide that costs between US$1,400 and US$2,000 per kilogram in 99.9% pure form. Current annual world wide production of scandium is less than 2,000 kilograms. Most of the 5,000 kilograms used annually is sourced from Soviet era stockpiles.

To save money, the Bloom Energy Server uses inexpensive metal alloy plates for electric conductance between the two ceramic fast ion conductor plates. In competing lower temperature fuel cells, platinum is required at the cathode.

prepare your own home made seismograph

                HOME MADE SEISMOGRAPH

A seismograph records the intensity and duration of an earthquake. Even though you may not experience an actual earthquake, the following activities will give you an idea of how a seismograph works. Personal Seismograph #1 uses a book, string, pencil, tape, and paper, plus the help of a friend. It can be done in your home or classroom. Personal Seismograph #2 uses similar materials, but it will

stealth fighter

                                    stealth fighter

                      

The article How Radar Works talks about the basic principles of a radar system. The idea is for the radar antenna to send out a burst of radio energy, which is then reflected back by any object it happens to encounter. The radar antenna measures the time it takes for the reflection to arrive, and with that information can tell how far away the object is.

The metal body of anairplane is very good at reflecting radar signals, and this makes it easy to find and track airplanes with radar equipment.

The goal of stealth technology is to make an airplane invisible to radar. There are two different ways to create invisibility:

• The airplane can be shaped so that any radar signals it reflects are

How To Build A Quadcopter – Choosing Hardware

                                           In this article I will be talking about quadcopter components and how to choose them. This is part of the tutorial series on how to build a quadcopter. In the next post I will be talking about software, how to go about the algorithm and programming.

If you are planning on building a quadcopter but not

Making a Cell Phone Controlled Remote Bell Circuit

                   

                                  Making a Cell Phone Controlled Remote Bell Circuit

The following circuit of a cell phone controlled remote bell can be used for ringing bells or alarm devices using your personal cell phone. The unit incorporates an attached cheap cell phone as the modem for executing the proposed functions.


The explained circuit can be used in schools for ringing bells using a cell phone from anywhere irrespective of the distance. Thus the use of this type of cell phone controlled remote bell can eliminate the need of running for the bell switch on every class period intervals.

The peon would be able to do his other scheduled work and ring the bell from any position inside the school premise or even from outside, in fact from any corner of the world.

Looking at the circuit diagram, we see a pretty straightforward configuration using only transistors.
follow the reading

How to Make a Light Activated Day Night Switch Circuit – Science Fair Project

How to Make a Light Activated Day Night Switch Circuit – Science Fair Project

                         The circuits explained here can all be used for controlling a load, normally a lamp, in response to the varying levels of the surrounding ambient light. 
The circuit can be used as a commercial automatic street light control system, as a domestic porch light or corridor light controller or simply can be used by any school kid for displaying the feature in his school fair exhibition.

The following content describes four simple ways of making a light activated switch using different methods. 

The first diagram shows how the circuit can be configured using transistors,

generate electricity from sea water

How to Generate Electricity from Sea Water - Simple Experimental Project

  Now a days there is a increasing demand for renewable energy as we can obtain it without any harm .Here in this topic we are goint to explain how to generate electricity from sea water.Just like wind and sun, sea is another example of massiveness and a potential raw energy source that may be harnessed for acquiring electrical power. Yes, just as solar or wind power, sea surfs can also be effectively dimensioned and converted for generating electricity. How? We’ll learn in this article through one simple experimental set up.

Make this Wireless Speaker Circuit

Make this Wireless Speaker Circuit- Make Your Own Radio Station Science Project


The article explains a very simple circuit of a wireless speaker system which can be used for playing hi quality music wirelessly from your TV set, DVD player, Ipod, cell phone or from any music system. 
The speaker thus can be placed in any corner of the house within a radial distance of 50 meters and high quality music can be enjoyed without the hassles of long connecting wires.

For implementing the entire wireless speaker system, we actually need to make two sets of circuits, atransmitter circuit for transmitting the music signal from the source input as discussed above and a receiver circuit for receiving the transmitted music signal and for playing it in the attached speaker.

Transmitter Circuit:

As shown in the figure, the configuration looks a little different from the usual single transistor transmittercircuits where a single stage is used for the audio amplification and for the generation of the modulated carrier waves.

How to Make an Infra Red (IR) Remote Controlled Motor Circuit

              How to Make an Infra Red (IR) Remote Controlled Motor Circuit

The article discusses a simple IR remote control circuit which is configured for operating a DC motor in response to the switching made from a standard IR remote handset such as a TV remote or a DVD remote.


The connected motor can be moved either ways and also can be made to halt.

The circuit may be understood with the following explanations:

As can be seen in the given circuit diagram, the sensor is any standard three pin IR sensor module which would typically respond to any TV IR remote handset.

Simple Walkie Talkie Circuit

                       simple walkie talkie circuit  



The article explains a simple walkie talkie circuit that can be easily built by any hobbyist and used for communicating between rooms or floors or simply for having some fun across neighbors and friends. The range of this system is around 30 meters. 


The figure shows a four stage transistorized circuit which behaves both like a transmitter and a receiver unit, making the design very economical and versatile. An ordinary “4-pole double throw” switch serves the purpose well for transforming the unit either to a transmitter or a receiver while communicating with another identical transmitter/receiver set. 

As can be seen in the diagram three transistors are directly coupled for making an audio amplifier stage set to operate at a significantly high gain. 

The first transistor functions as a pre-amplifier 

Magnet motor free energy generator

The Magnet motor (or magnet engine) free energy generator is a decent, powerfull and well-looking topology of a free energy generator. It works on a principle of the powerfull neodymium permanent magnets. When the magnetic force reachs the necessary level to overcome the friction, the motor RPM ramps up and reachs the equilibrum value. In the ordinary motor, the magnetic field is generated by the electric coils, usually made of copper (Cu) or sometimes an aluminium (Al). Because both copper and aluminium are not superconductors (their resistance is not zero), the ordinary electric motor continuously needs the electric power to maintain the magnetic field. I repeat: The ordinary motor needs not only the initial energy, but the coutinuous supply of energy! The coils are wasting the power, turning it into a heat, because of their

Battery-free short-range wireless communication between devices

Battery-free short-range wireless communication between devices

Device harvests and reflects energy from ambient TV and cellular transmissions

August 14, 2013

Researchers demonstrate how one payment card can transfer funds to another card by reflecting energy from ambient RF signals acting as both power source and communication medium.

University of Washington engineers have created a new “ambient backscatter” wireless communication scheme that allows two devices to communicate with each other by reflecting ambient TV and cellular transmissions — batteries not required.

The researchers built small, battery-free devices with antennas that can detect, harness and reflect one of the ambient radio-frequency (RF) signals, which then is picked up by other similar devices.

SOLAR CELL CHARGER

Abstract
Following a research trip to Sabana Grande, Nicaragua during which we looked into a variety of different problems faced by the local population, we worked towards designing a solar-powered cell phone charger that can be built indigenously. This was found to be of primary importance because of the large number of cell phone owners in Sabana Grande with no access to grid electricity, meaning that they are forced to pay C$ 5-10 per charge for their cell phone, which adds up to a significant investment over time.
To address this concern, our team worked with a cooperative in Sabana Grande who already make and install large solar panels in the town. We designed a small charger panel and the associated circuitry to eliminate the need to cut the solar cells, getting the appropriate voltage and power output through a DC-DC step-up converter. We designed a final prototype that should be able to charge any of the commonly used local phones in 10-12 hours of direct sunlight.
Problem Statement